Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Further support for the phylogenetic relationships within Euphorbia L. (Euphorbiaceae) from nrITS and trnL–trnF IGS sequence data

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Plant Systematics and Evolution Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The cosmopolitan genus Euphorbia is one of the largest plant genera with an extreme phenotypic plasticity ranging from globose succulents to large shrubs and trees adapted to very divergent habitats like forests or deserts. We compiled the current knowledge about the evolution of Euphorbia by reconstructing a molecular phylogeny based on nearly all available internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) sequence data from previous investigations and sequences of newly sampled species. We compared the results with phylogenetic analyses based on a combined data set of nrITS and trnL–trnF intergenic spacer sequences of a subset of taxa. Apart from a few exceptions, the results correspond well to recently published studies based on different molecular markers. The genus Euphorbia is divided into four major clades, of which the clade comprising subgen. Rhizanthium is restricted to Africa and Madagascar, whereas the remaining three clades are distributed over several continents. Our results support the hypothesis that Euphorbia evolved in Africa from progenitors of subgen. Esula.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bentham G (1880) Euphorbiaceae. In: Bentham G, Hooker JD (eds) Genera plantarum, vol III. Lovell Reeve, London, pp 239–340

    Google Scholar 

  • Blattner FR (2006) Multiple intercontinental dispersals shaped the distribution area of Hordeum (Poaceae). New Phytol 169:603–614

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boissier E (1862) Subordo I. Euphorbieae. In: De Candolle AP (ed) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis, vol XV. V. Masson et filii, Paris, pp 3–188

    Google Scholar 

  • Bremer K (1994) Branch support and tree stability. Cladistics 10:295–304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruyns PV, Mapaya RJ, Hedderson T (2006) A new subgeneric classification for Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) in southern Africa based on ITS and psbA–trnH sequence data. Taxon 55(2):397–420

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter S (1994) A preliminary classification of Euphorbia subgenus Euphorbia. Ann Missouri Bot Gard 81:368–379

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter S, Eggli U (1997) The CITES checklist of succulent Euphorbia taxa (Euphorbiaceae). German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation

  • Carter S, Leach LC (2001) Euphorbiaceae subfamily Euphorbioideae tribe Euphorbieae. In: Pope GV (ed) Flora Zambesiaca, vol IX. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter S, Radcliffe-Smith RA (1988) Euphorbiaceae (part 2). In: Polhill RM (ed) Flora of tropical East Africa. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 409–597

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowling RM, Richardson DM, Pierce SM (1997) Vegetation of Southern Africa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis CC, Webb CO, Wurdack KJ, Jaramillo CA, Donoghue MJ (2005) Explosive radiation of Malpighiales supports a Mid-Cretaceous origin of modern tropical rain forests. Am Nat 165(3):E36–E65

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dressler RL (1957) The genus Pedilanthus (Euphorbiaceae). Contr Gray Herb 182:1–188

    Google Scholar 

  • Eggli U (2002) Sukkulenten-Lexikon, vol II: Zweikeimblättrige Pflanzen (Dicotyledonen) ausgenommen Aizoaceae, Asclepidaceae, Cactaceae und Crassulaceae. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson T, Wikström N (1995) AutoDecay 3.0. Stockholm University, Stockholm

    Google Scholar 

  • Felsenstein J (1985) Confidence-limits on phylogenies—an approach using the Bootstrap. Evolution 39:783–791

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forster PJ (1994) Revision of Euphorbia plumerioides Teijsm. ex Hassk. (Euphorbiaceae) and allies. Austrobaileya 4(2):227–246

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaucher L (1898) Étude anatomique du genre Euphorbia L. Thesis, Ecole Supérieure de Pharmacie de Montpellier, France

  • Gilbert MG (1987) Two new geophytic species of Euphorbia with comments on the subgeneric grouping of its African members. Kew Bull 42:231–244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Givinish TJ, Renner SS (2004) Tropical intercontinental disjunctions: Gondwana breakup, immigration from the boreotropics, and transocenaic dispersals. Int. J. Plant Sci 165(4):S1–S6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Govaerts R, Frodin DG, Radcliffe-Smith A (2000) World checklist and bibliography of Euphorbiaceae, vol II. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

    Google Scholar 

  • Haevermans T, Hoffmann P, Lowry PP, Labat J-N, Randrianjohany E (2004) Phylogenetic analysis of the Madagascan Euphorbia subgen. Lacanthis based on ITS sequence data. Ann Missouri Bot Gard 91:247–259

    Google Scholar 

  • Hassall DC (1977) The genus Euphorbia in Australia. Austral J Bot 25:429–453

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hassall DC, Barker WD, Greenslade PJM (1982) Description and evolution of Euphorbia and Chamaesyce (Euphorbiaceae) in the arid zone of Australia. In: Barker WD, Greenslade PJM (eds) Evolution of the flora and fauna of arid zones in Australia. Peacock Publishing, Frewville

    Google Scholar 

  • Hellwig FH, Nolte M, Ochsmann J, Wissemann V (1999) Rapid isolation of total cell DNA from milligram plant tissue. Haussknechtia 7:29–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Huelsenbeck JP, Ronquist F (2001) MrBayes: Bayesian inference of phylogeny. Bioinformatics 17:754–755

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huelsenbeck JP, Larget B, Miller RE, Ronquist F (2002) Potential applications and pitfalls of Bayesian inference of phylogeny. Syst Biol 51:673–688

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones K, Smith JB (1969) The chromosome identity of Monadenium Pax and Synadenium Pax (Euphorbiaceae). Kew Bulletin 23:419–500

    Google Scholar 

  • Klak C, Reeves G, Hedderson T (2004) Unmatched tempo of evolution in Southern African semi-desert ice plants. Nature 427:63–65

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millspaugh CF (1913) The genera Pedilanthus and Cubanthus and other American Euphorbiaceae. Field Mus Nat Hist Bot Ser 2:353–377

    Google Scholar 

  • Molero J, Garnatje T, Rovira A, Garcia-Jacas N, Susanna A (2002) Karyological evolution and molecular phylogeny in Macronesian dendroid spurges (Euphorbia subsect. Pachycladae). Plant Syst Evol 231:109–132

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nylander JAA (2004) MrModeltest, version 1.0b. Department of Systematic Zoology, EBC, Uppsala University, Uppsala

    Google Scholar 

  • Ochsmann J (2000) Morphologische und molekularsystematische Untersuchungen an der Centaurea stoebe L.-Gruppe (Asteraceae-Cardueae) in Europa. Dissertationes Botanicae 324, Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart

  • Park K-R, Elisens WJ (2000) A phylogenetic study of tribe Euphorbieae (Euphorbiaceae). Int J Plant Sci 161:425–434

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park K-R, Jansen RK (2007) A phylogeny of Euphorbieae subtribe Euphorbiinae (Euphorbiaceae) based on molecular data. J Plant Biol 50(6):644–649

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parris BS (2001) Circumantarctic continental distribution patterns in pteridophyte species. Brittonia 53(2):270–283

    Google Scholar 

  • Pax F, Hoffmann K (1931) Euphorbiaceae. In: Engler A, Prantl K (eds) Euphorbiaceae. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp 11–233

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry BA (1943) Chromosome number and phylogenetic relationships in the Euphorbiaceae. Am J Bot 30(7):527–543

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prenner G, Rudall PJ (2007) Comparative ontogeny of the cyathium in Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) and its allies: exploring the organ-flower-inflorescence boundary. Am J Bot 94(10):1612–1629

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Radcliffe-Smith A (2001) Genera Euphorbiacearum. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

    Google Scholar 

  • Raven PH, Axelrod DI (1974) Angiosperm biogeography and past continental movements. Ann Missouri Bot Gard 61(3):539–673

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reeves CV (1999) Aeromagnetic and gravity features of Gondwana and their relation to continental break-up: more pieces, less puzzle. J Afr Earth Sci 28(1):263–277

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reeves CV, Sahu BK, de Wit M (2002) A re-examination of the paleo-position of Africa’s eastern neighbours in Gondwana. J Afr Earth Sci 34:101–108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Renner SS (2004) Plant dispersal across the tropical Atlantic by wind and sea currents. Int J Plant Sci 165(4):S23–S33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson JE, Weitz FM, Fay MF, Cronk QCB, Linder PH, Reeves G, Chase MW (2001) Rapid and recent origin of species richness in the Cape flora of South Africa. Nature 412:181–183

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ritz CM, Zimmermann NFA, Hellwig FH (2003) Phylogeny of subsect. Meleuphorbia (A. Berger) Pax & K.Hoffm. (Euphorbia L.) reflects the climatic regime in South Africa. Plant Syst Evol 241(3–4):245–259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ronquist F (1996) DIVA, version 1.1. Computer program and manual. Uppsala University, Uppsala

    Google Scholar 

  • Ronquist F (1997) Dispersal-vicariance analysis. A new approach to the quantification of histrorical biogeography. Syst Biol 46:195–203

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinmann VW (2003) The submersion of Pedilanthus into Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae). Act Bot Mex 65:45–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinmann VW, Porter JM (2002) Phylogenetic relationships in Euphorbieae (Euphorbiaceae) based on ITS and ndhF sequence data. Ann Missouri Bot Gard 89:453–490

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steinmann VW, van Ee B, Berry PE, Gutiérrez J (2007) The systematic position of Cubanthus and other shrubby endemic species of Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) in Cuba. Anales Jard Bot Madrid 64:123–133

    Google Scholar 

  • Swofford DL (2000) Paup. Phylogenetic analyses using parsimony. Sinauer, Sunderland

    Google Scholar 

  • Taberlet P, Gielly L, Pautou G, Bouvet J (1991) Universal primers for amplification of three non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA. Plant Molec Biol 17:1105–1109

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniak F, Jeanmougin F, Higgins DG (1997) The Clustal X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res 25:4876–4882

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turner R (1995) Euphorbias gardeners guide. Timber Press, Portland

    Google Scholar 

  • van Wyk AE, Smith GF (2001) Regions of floristic endemism in Southern Africa. Umdaus Press, Hatfield

    Google Scholar 

  • von Willert DJ, Eller BM, Werger MJA, Brinckmann E, Ihlenfeld HD (1992) Life strategies of succulents in deserts with special reference to the Namib desert. Cambridge University Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Weberling F (1981) Morphologie der Blüten und der Blütenstände. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster GL (1967) The genera of Euphorbiaceae in the southeastern United States. J Arnold Abor 48(303–361):363–430

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster GL (1975) Conspectus of a new classification of the Euphorbiaceae. Taxon 24:593–601

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webster GL (1994) Systematics of the Euphorbiaceae. Ann Missouri Bot Gard 81:1–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler LC (1943) The genera of living Euphorbieae. Amer Mid Nat 30:456–503

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor J (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White JW (eds) PCR protocols. A guide to methods and applications. Academic Press, San Diego

    Google Scholar 

  • Wikström N, Savolainen V, Chase MW (2001) Evolution of angiosperms: calibrating the family tree. Proc R Soc Lond B 268:2211–2220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willis JH (1975) Euphorbia sarcostemmoides. Muelleria 3(2):92–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Wurdack KJ, Hoffmann P, Chase MW (2005) Molecular phylogenetic analysis of uniovulate Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbiaceae sensu stricto) using plastid rbcL and trnL-F DNA sequences. Am J Bot 92(8):1397–1420

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We thank the curators and staff of the following herbaria kindly sending their material on loan: BISH, BR, F, GOET, HEID, K, MO, NU, P, RSA, TEX, UC and WAG. The following herbaria permitted access to their collections, which is thankfully acknowledged here: B, BOL, BRI, GRA and PRE. The Botanical Gardens of Berlin and Heidelberg, Germany, as well as the Sukkulenten-Sammlung in Zürich, Switzerland, kindly supplied living material. We thank H. Dietrich, W. Ewest, J. Müller, E. Specks (Exotica Nursery), Germany, P. I. Forster, G. & N. Sankowsky, Australia, G. Marx, D. Hardy, South Africa, and M. Machado, Brazil, for the contribution of living plants. P. I. Forster (BRI) generously supported the field trip and herbarium studies of the first author to Queensland. We thank the nature conservation authorities of South Africa, which issued permits for the collection and export of plant material. We thank the two anonymous reviewers for thoughtful comments on the manuscript. The study was financially supported by a grant from the DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) in 1999.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Spezielle Botanik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Philosophenweg 16, 07749, Jena, Germany

    F. H. Hellwig

  2. AG Spezielle Botanik, Institut für Allgemeine Botanik und Pflanzenphysiologie, Carl-Vogt-Haus, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 38, 35392, Gießen, Germany

    Christiane M. Ritz

Authors
  1. N. F. A. Zimmermann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Christiane M. Ritz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. F. H. Hellwig
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christiane M. Ritz.

Additional information

N. F. A. Zimmermann and C. M. Ritz contributed equally to the paper.

N. F. A. Zimmermann: Defunct 3 May 2006.

Appendix: Genbank accession number of taxa

Appendix: Genbank accession number of taxa

For species whose markers were sequenced during this study, complete voucher information is given; for species whose sequences were taken from Genbank, accession number and citation are listed. BGJ = Botanical Garden Jena

nrITS sequences

Anthostemamadagascariense Baill., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537582;A.sp., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537583.

Calycopepluscasuarinoides L.S.Sm., Australia, Queensland, Weipa, Sandy Creek, 10m, 09.07.1993, Forster 13501 & Sankowsky (BRI) AJ534829 AJ534830.

Dichostemmaglaucescens Pierre, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537584.

Euphorbiaaaron-rossii A.H. Holmgren & N.H. Holmgren, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537396; E.abdelkuri Balf.f., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537458; E.acalyphoides Hochst. ex Boiss., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537576; E. acanthothamnos Heldr. & Sart. ex Boiss., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537554;E.acuta Engelm., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537450; E. adiantoides Lam., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537395; E. aeruginosa Schweickerdt, Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040756; E. agowensis Hochst. ex Boiss., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537419; E. alta Norton, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537553;E.amygdaloides L., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537544; E. angusta Engelm., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537449; E. ankarensis Boiteau, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537462; E. ankazobensis Rauh & Hofstätter, Haevermans et al. (2004), AJ508966; E. annamarieae Rauh, Haevermans et al. (2004), AJ508965; E.antiquorum L., Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040757; E. antisyphilitica Zucc., ex cult., Botanical Garden Heidelberg, Germany, Rauh 49959, (BGJ) AJ534791, AJ534792; E. antso Denis, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537579; E. aphylla Brouss. ex Wild., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537540 (specimen 1); Molero et al. (2002), AF334250, AF334265 (specimen 2); Canary Islands, Tenerife, Punta de Teno, April 1994, Zimmermann 11/94 (BGJ) AJ534827, AJ534828 (specimen 3); E. appariciana Rizzini, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537455 (specimen 1); Brazil, Bahia, E of Morro do Chapéu, 12.03.1989, Supthut 8908 (ZSS) AJ534783, AJ534784 (specimen 2); E. arbuscula Balf. f., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537496; E. arceuthobioides Boiss., Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040758; E. articulata Burm., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537446; E. atrispina N.E.Br., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537568; E. atropurpurea Brouss. ex Willd., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537542; E. attastoma Rizzini, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537511; E. atoto G. Forst. Australia, Queensland, Wongaling Beach, 01.12.1999, Zimmermann 49/99 (BGJ) AJ534807, AJ534808; E. balsamifera Aiton ssp.adensis (Deflers) Bally, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537571; E. beharensis Leandri, Haevermans et al. (2004), AJ508983; E. bemarahaensis Rauh & Mangelsdorff, Haevermans unpubl., AJ508984; E. bicolor Engelm. & A. Gray, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537386; E. bifurcata Engelm., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537434; E. bilobata Engelm., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537435; E. biselegans Bruyns, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537470 (specimen 1); Tanzania, Iringa, N of Malolo, Specks 699 (BGJ) AJ534759, AJ534760 (specimen 2); E. boissierii Baill., Haevermans et al. (2004), AJ508963; E. boophthona C.A. Gardner, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537515 (specimen 1); Australia, Queensland, E of Quilpie, 22.11.1999, Zimmermann 25/99 (BGJ) AJ534811, AJ534812 (specimen 2); E. bovinii Boiss., Haevermans et al. (2004), AJ508962; E.brachyphylla Denis, Haevermans et al. (2004), AJ508961; E.bracteata Jacq., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537489; E. brunellii Chiov., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537486; E. bruynsii L.C. Leach, Bruyns et al. (2006); E. bulbispina Rauh, Haevermans et al. (2004), AJ508960; E. bupleurifolia Jacq., South Africa, Eastern Cape, Grahamstown, 06.03.1998, Zimmermann 12/98 (BGJ) AJ536017, AJ536018; E. burmannii E. Mey ex. Boiss., Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040760; E. calcarata (Schltdl.) V. W. Steinm., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537492; E. calcicola Fern., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537385; E. californica Benth., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537377; E. calyculata Kunth, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537524; E. calyptrata Coss. & Kralik, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537549; E. capmanambatoensis Rauh, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537476 (specimen 1); Haevermans et al. (2004), AJ508959 (specimen 2); E. caput-medusae L., South Africa, Western Cape, S of Camps Bay, 05.03.2000, Zimmermann 30/00 (BGJ), AJ535533, AJ535555; E. carunculata Waterf. Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537447; E. cassythoides Boiss., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537387; E. cedrorum Rauh & Hebding, Haevermans et al. (2004), AJ508958 (specimen 1); ex cult., Botanical Garden Heidelberg, no. 140124, Germany, Rauh (J.B.H.)59367a (HEID) AJ534757, AJ534758 (specimen 2); E.celastroides Boiss., Hawaiian Islands, Kauai, Kilauea Point, March 1999, Dietrich s.n. (BGJ), AJ534799, AJ534800; E. ceroderma I.M. Johnst., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537389; E. cestrifolia Kunth, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537521; E. cheirolepis Fisch & C.A. Mey, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537424; E.chersonesa Huft, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537436; E.clava Jacq., Bruyns et al. (2006), AF537569; E.colletioides Benth., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537405; E. colligata V.W. Steinm., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537493; E. comosa Vell., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537503; E. contorta L.C. Leach, Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040761; E. corniculata R.A. Dyer, Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040762; E. cremersii Rauh & Razaf., Haevermans et al. (2004), AJ508957; E. croizatii (Hurus) Kitag., Haevermans et al. (2004), AJ508956; E. crossadenia Pax & K. Hoffm., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537451; E. crotonoides Boiss., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537578; E. cubensis Boiss. Steimann et al. (2007), EF653254 (specimen 1); Cuba, Pinar del Rio, Cuabales, San Juan de Saqua, 22.02.2001, Hellwig 22/2/28 (BGJ), AJ534775, AJ534776 (specimen 2); E.cupularis Boiss., South Africa, Transvaal, Njele Poort, 1978, Hardy 5115 (PRE), AJ534765, AJ534766; E.cyathophora Murray, Cyprus, Limassol, Kolossi Castle, 30.10.1995, Kuschel 644 (BGJ), AJ534797, AJ534798; E. cylindrifolia Marn.-Lapost. & Rauh, Haevermans et al. (2004), AJ508955; E. cymbifera (Schltdl.) Steinm., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537491; E. finkii (Boiss.) V.W. Steinm., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537520; E. cyparissias L., Germany, Thuringia, S of Uhlstädt, 13.04.1998, Zimmermann 74/98 (BGJ), AJ534823, AJ534824; E. decaryi Guillaumin, Madagascar, Vinanibé near Fort Dauphin, Rauh 68100 (HEID), AJ534751, AJ534752; E. decidua P.R.O. Bally & L.C. Leach, Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040763; E. decorsei Drake, Haevermans unpubl., AJ508985; E. degeneri Sherff., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537444; E.delicatula Boiss., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537393; E. dendroides L., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537539; E. denisii Oudejans, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537497; E. dentata Michx., ex cult., Botanical Garden Jena, Germany, Zimmermann 102/00 (BGJ), AJ534795, AJ534796; E. depauperata Hochst. ex A. Rich, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537556; E. didiereoides Denis ex Leandri, Haevermans et al. (2004), AJ508954 (specimen 1); ex cult., Botanical Garden Heidelberg No. 140087, Germany, Rauh 71949 (HEID), AJ534741, AJ534742; E. discolor Ledeb., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537547; E. dregeana E. Mey. ex Boiss., South Africa, Northern Cape, S of Vioolsdrif, 01.03.2000, Zimmermann 20/00 (BGJ), AJ534724, AJ534734; E.drupifera Thonn., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537480; ex cult., Botanical Garden Heidelberg, Germany, Rauh 9610 (BGJ), AJ534727, AJ534737; E. eanophylla Croizat, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537498; E.echinulata (Stapf) Bruyns, Tanzania, Iringa, between Madibira and Igawa, Specks 718 (BGJ),AJ534767, AJ534768; E. eduardoi L.C. Leach, Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040765; E. eglandulosa V.W. Steinm., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537394; E. elata Brandegee, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537495; E. elliotii Leandri, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537478 (specimen 1); Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040766 (specimen 2); E.epicyparissias (E. Mey. ex Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss., South Africa, Kwazulu/Natal, E of Sani Pass, 18.03.2000, Zimmermann 70/00 (BGJ), AJ534825, AJ534826; E. epiphylloides Kurz, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537484; E. equisetiformis A. Stewart, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537388; E. eremophila A. Cunn., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537423; E. eriantha Benth., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537440; E.esculenta Marloth, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537575; E. espinosa Pax, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537416;E. esula L., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537546; E. exilis L.C. Leach, Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040767; E. exstipulata Engelm., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537433; E. fianarantsoae Ursch & Leandri, Ritz et al. unpubl., AJ535538, AJ535560; E. filiflora Marloth, Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040768; E. fulgens Karw. ex Klotzsch, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537404; E. gariepina Boiss., Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040769; E. genistoides P.J. Bergius, Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040770; E. gentryi V.W. Steinm. & T.F. Daniel, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537406; E. germainii Phil., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537499; E. geroldii Rauh, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537475; E. glanduligera Pax, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537426; E.globosa (Haw.) Sims, South Africa, Eastern Cape, S of Addo, 07.03.1998, Zimmermann 8/98 (BGJ), AJ535535, AJ535557; E. goetzei Pax, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537413; E. gollmeriana Klotzsch ex Boiss., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537501; E. gottlebei Rauh, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537459; E.gradyi V.W. Steinm. & Ram.-Roa, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537407; E. graminea Jacq., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537410; E. grandicornis Goebel, Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040771; E. graniticola L.C. Leach, Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040772; E. gregaria Marloth, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537527; E. griseola Pax, Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040773 (specimen 1); Ritz et al. unpubl., AJ535536, AJ535558 (specimen 2); E.guatemalensis Standl. & Steyerm., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537408; E. guerichiana Pax ex Engl., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537415 (specimen 1); South Africa, Northern Province, Zoutpan, W of Waterpoort, 22.03.2000, Zimmermann 82/00 (BGJ), AJ534813, AJ534814 (specimen 2); E.gymnoclada Boiss., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537456; E. gymnonota Urb., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537507; E.haeleeleana Herbst, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537514; E. hallii R.A. Dyer, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537573; E. hamata Sweet, Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040774; E. hedyotoides N.E.Br., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537460 (specimen 1); Madagascar, Ambovombe, Rauh 72073 (HEID), AJ534755, AJ534756 (specimen 2); E. helenae Urb. Steimann et al. (2007), EF653255; E. helioscopia L., Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040775; E. heterodoxa Müll.Arg., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537500 (specimen 1); ex cult., Botanical Garden Berlin-Dahlem no. 078-14-96-40, Germany, (BGJ), AJ534777, AJ534778 (specimen 2); E.heterophylla L., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537429; E. hoffmanniana Boiss., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537508; E. hormorrhiza Radcl.-Sm., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537431; E. horombensis Ursch & Leandri, Haevermans et al. (2004), AJ508971; E. hypericifolia L., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537443; E.hypogaea Marloth, Ritz et al. (2003) AJ535534, AJ535556; E. horrida Boiss., South Africa, Eastern Cape, Kleinpoort, 13.08.1997, Zimmermann 317/97 (BGJ), AJ535525, AJ535547; E. iharanae Rauh, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537477; E. ingens E. Mey. ex Boiss., South Africa, Mpumalanga, E of Burgersfort, 31.07.1997, Zimmermann 274/97 (BGJ), AJ534726, AJ534736; E. innocua L.C. Wheeler, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537380; E. insulana Vell., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537411; E. intisy Drake, Haevermans unpubl., AJ508986; E. ipecacuanhae L., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537397; E. jaliscensis B.L. Rob. & Greenm., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537442; E. jansenvillensis Nel., Ritz et al. (2003) AJ535524, AJ535546; E. juglans Compton, Ritz et al. (2003), AJ535529, AJ535551 (specimen 1), AJ535530, AJ535552 (specimen 2); E. juttae Dinter, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537418; E. kamponii Rauh & H. Petignat, Haevermans et unpubl., AJ508987; E. knuthii (N.E.Br.) L.C. Leach, Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040776; E.kraussiana Bernh. ex Krauss, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537548; E. lacera Boiss., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537441; E. lactiflua Phil., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537528; E. lagunensis Huft, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537379; E. lagunillarum Croizat, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537502;E. lathyris L., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537549; E. laurifolia Lam., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537509; E. leistneri R.H. Archer, Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040777; E. leucocephala Lotsy, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537381; E. lignosa Marloth, ex cult., Botanical Garden Heidelberg, Germany, Rauh 19624 (BGJ), AJ534723, AJ534733; E. limpopoana L.C. Leach ex S. Carter, Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040778; E. lindenii (S. Carter) Bruyns, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537473; E. lomelii V.W. Steinm., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537490 (specimen 1); Mexico, Sinaloa, Mazatlán, 10.06.1970, Rauh 50464 (BGJ), AJ534815, AJ534816 (specimen 2); E. longifolia Lam., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537558; E. longituberculosa Boiss., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537577; E. lophogona Lam., Haevermans et al. (2004), AJ508972 (specimen 1); ex cult., Botanical Garden Heidelberg No. 140013, Germany, Rauh 22116 (HEID), AJ534747, AJ534748 (specimen 2); E.lugardiae (N.E.Br.) Bruyns, Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040799; E. lumbricalis L.C. Leach, Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040779; E. lydenburgensis Schweick. & Letty, Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040755; E. macropus Boiss., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537378; E. maculata L., Germany, Thuringia, Jena, 13.07.2000, Zimmermann 101/00 (BGJ), AJ534801, AJ534802; E. macvaughii Carvajal & Lomeli, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537382; E. magnifica (E.A. Bruce) Bruyns, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537472; E.mahabobokensis Rauh, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537522; E. mahafalensis Denis, Haevermans et al. (2004), AJ508973; E. malevola L.C. Leach, Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040780; E. marginata Pursh, ex cult., Botanical Garden Jena, Germany, Zimmermann 103/00 (BGJ), AJ534787, AJ534788; E. mauritanica L., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AJ534821 (specimen 1); South Africa, Northern Cape, N of Pofadder, 29.02.2000, Zimmermann 12/00 (BGJ), AJ534821, AJ534822 (specimen 2); E. medicaginea Boiss., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537535; E. meenae S. Carter, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537483; E. megalatlantica Baill., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537536; E. meloformis Aiton, Ritz et al. (2003) AJ535517; AJ535542; E.meloformis fma. magna, Ritz et al. (2003), AJ535521, AJ535543; E. meuleniana O. Schwartz, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537572; E. milii Des Moul., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537461 (specimen 1); Haevermans et al. (2004), AJ508974 (specimen 2); E. millotii Ursch & Leandri, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537463 (specimen 1); ex cult., Botanical Garden Heidelberg, Germany, Rauh 8608 (HEID), AJ534749, AJ534750; E.misella S. Watson, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537384; E. misera Benth., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537383; E. mlanjeana L.C. Leach, Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040781; E. monadenioides M.G. Gilbert,Ethiopia, Vlk 344 (BGJ), AJ534729, AJ534739; E. monteiroi Hook.f., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537563; E. multifolia A.C. White, R.A. Dyer & B. Sloane, Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040782; E. munizii Borhidi, Steimann et al. (2007), EF653256; E. myrsinites L., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537551; E. namuskluftensis L.C. Leach, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537562; E. neogossweileri Bruyns, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537471 (specimen 1); Angola, Benguella, Lavranos s.n.; ex cult. International Succulent Institute (ISI 1261); leg. Forster 25311 (BRI), AJ534763, AJ534764 (specimen 2); E. neopedunculata Bruyns, Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040800; E. neospinescens Bruyns, Tanzania, Mbeya, Lake Rukwa, Illoma Mt., Specks 1373 (BGJ), AJ534761, AJ534762; E. neriifolia L., Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040783; E. nivulia Buch.-Ham., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AM040784; E. nutans Lag., Canary Islands, Gran Canaria, Maspalomas, Faro II, 24.02.1996, Kuschel 646 (BGJ), AJ534803, AJ534804; E. oaxacana B.L. Rob. & Greenm., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537373; E. obesa Hook.f., Ritz et al. (2003), AJ535519, AJ535519; E. oblongata Griseb., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537555; E. oncoclada Drake, Steinmann & Porter (2002) (specimen 1); AF537468, Haevermans et al. (2004), AJ508969 (specimen 2); E. ocymoidea L., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537392; E.omariana M.G. Gilbert, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537560; E. orthoclada Baker,Madagascar, Androy, 10.10.1998, Rauh 70626 (HEID), AJ534819, AJ534820; E. oxystegia Boiss., Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040785; E. pachysantha Baill., Haevermans et al. (2004), AJ508976; E. pachypodioides Boiteau, Madagascar, Ankarana, 25.03.1991, Rauh 72072 (HEID), AJ534753, AJ534754; E. panchganiensis Blatt. & McCann, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537375; E. papillosa A.St.-Hil., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537510; E.parvicaruncula D.C. Hassall, Australia, Queensland, S of Boulia, 25.11.1999, Zimmermann 30/99 (BGJ), AJ534809, AJ534810; E. parvicyathophora Rauh, Haevermans et al. (2004), AJ508977; E. pauliani Ursch & Leandri, Haevermans et al. (2004), AJ508978; E. pedilanthoides Denis, ex cult., Botanical Garden Heidelberg No. 142066, Germany, Rauh 66824 (HEID) AJ534745, AJ534746; E. pentadactyla Griseb. Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537428; E. peperomioides Boiss., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537523; E. peplus L., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537532; E. perrierii Drake, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537464; E. pervilleana Baill., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537518; E. petiolata Banks. & Sol., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537422; E.phosphorea Mart., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537512; E. phylloclada Boiss., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537427; E. pilosa L., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537557; E. pirottae Terrac., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537417; E. piscatoria Aiton, ex cult., Botanical Garden Berlin-Dahlem, No. 075-01-96-10, AJ534817, AJ534818; E. plagiantha Drake, Haevermans unpubl., AJ508988; E. platyclada Rauh, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537421; E. platycephala Pax, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537561; E. plumerioides Teijsm. ex Hassk., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537513 (specimen 1); Australia, Queensland, Kennedy Hill Gorge, 21.06.1989, Forster 5402 (BRI), AJ534769, AJ534770 (specimen 2); E. podocarpifolia Urb., Steimann et al. (2007), EF653257; E. poeppigii (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss., Bolivia, La Paz, Nor Yungas, Cerro Uchimachi se Coroico, J. Müller 7040 (BGJ), AJ534793, AJ534794; E. poissonii Pax, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537482; E. polygona Haw., Bruyns et al. (2006), AJ535525; E. primulifolia Baker, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537466; E. prostrata Aiton, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537445, E. pseudoglobosa Marloth, Ritz et al. (2003) AJ535527; AJ535528 (specimen 1); AJ535549, AJ535550 (specimen 2); E. pseudograntii Bruyns, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537469; E. pteroneura A. Berger, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537504; E.pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537432; E. punicea Sw., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537516; E. quadrata Nel, Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040786; E. quartziticola Leandri, Haevermans et al. (2004), AJ508979 (specimen 1); Madagascar, Ucal, Itremo, 24.10.1992, Rauh 73705 (HEID), AJ534743, AJ534744 (specimen 2); E. radians Benth., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537438; E. ramulosa L.C. Leach, Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040787; E. regis-jubae Webb & Berthel., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537541; E. rhombifolia Boiss., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537414 (specimen 1); Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040764 (specimen 2); E. robivelonae Rauh, Haevermans et al. (2004), AJ508980; E. robusta (Engelm.) Small, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537533; E. rossiana Pax, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537374; E.rossii Rauh & Buchloh, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537465; E. rubella Pax, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537487; E. rzedowskii McVaugh, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537399; E. sarcodes Boiss., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537454 (specimen 1); Brazil, Bahia, Morro do Chapéu, 25.11.2000, Machado s.n. (BGJ), AJ534785, AJ534786; (specimen 2); E. sarcostemmoides J.H. Willis, Australia, Queensland, W of Quilpie, 22.11.99, Zimmermann 23/99 (BGJ), AJ534771, AJ534772; E. scatorhiza S. Carter, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537420; E. schimperi C. Presl, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537537; E. schizolepis F. Muell. ex Boiss., Australia, Western Australia, Packsaddle Plain, Kununurra, 04.03.1993, Mitchell 2851 (BRI), AJ534805, AJ534806; E. schlechtendalii Boiss., ex cult., Botanical Garden Heidelberg, Germany, Rauh s.n. (BGJ), AJ534789, AJ534790; E. schoenlandii Pax, Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040788; E. scutiformis V.W. Steinm. & P.E. Berry, Cuba, Sancti Spíritus, Banao, 300-500m, 20.11.1975, Alvarez, Areces, Bisse, Dietrich & Lepper 28763 (BGJ), AJ534773 AJ534774; E. sebsebei M.G. Gilbert, Ethiopia, Sidamo, Yavello, Vlk 326 (BGJ), AJ534730, AJ534740; E. segoviensis Boiss., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537400; E. sessilifolia Klotzsch ex Boiss., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537452; E. sinaloensis Brandegee, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537401; E. silenifolia (Haw.) Sweet, South Africa, Eastern Cape, W of Grahamstown, 05.03.1998, Zimmermann 9/98 (BGJ), AJ534721, AJ534731; E. sipolisii N.E.Br., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537517 (specimen 1); Brazil, Minas Gerais, Santa Barbara, Augusto de Lima, 06.08.1988, Eggli 1103 (ZSS), AJ534779, AJ534780 (specimen 2); E. sonorae Rose, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537402; E. spathulata Lam., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537552; E. sphaerorhiza Benth., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537412; E.squarrosa Haw., Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040789; E. stapelioides A.C. White, R.A. Dyer & B. Sloane, Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040790; E. stellata Willd., South Africa, Eastern Cape, Motherwell, N of Port Elizabeth, 12.08.1997, Zimmermann 313/97 (BGJ), AJ534725, AJ534735; E. stenoclada Baill., Haevermans unpubl., AJ508991 (specimen 1); Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040791 (specimen 2); E. stenophylla Boiss., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537529; E. stolonifera Marloth, Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040792; E. stricta L., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537559; E. strigosa Hook. & Arn., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537439; E. subpeltata S. Watson, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537376; E. subpeltatophylla Rauh, Haevermans unpubl., AJ508992; E. subsalsa Hiern, Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040793; E. succedanea L.C. Wheeler, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537403; E. sudanica A. Chev., ex cult., Botanical Garden Berlin-Dahlem No. 221-04-94-20, AJ534728, AJ534738; E. suffulta Bruyns, Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040794; E. susannae Marloth, Ritz et al. (2003), AJ535531, AJ535532 (specimen 1); AJ535553, AJ535554 (specimen 2); E. symmetrica A.C. White, R.A. Dyer & B. Sloane, Ritz et al. (2003), AJ535518, AJ535539; E. tannensis Spreng., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537425; E. tehuacana (Brandegee) V.W. Steinm., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537488; E. teke Schweinf. ex Pax, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537485; E. tetraptera Baker, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537526; E.thinophila Phil., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537530 (specimen 1); Chile, N of Huasco, 01.11.00, Ewest 03-11-00 (BGJ), AJ534781, AJ534782 (specimen 2); E. thouarsiana Baill., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537474; E. tirucalli L., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537479; E. tithymaloides L., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537494; E. torrei (L.C. Leach) Bruyns, Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040801; E. trichadenia Pax, South Africa, Gauteng, Soutpan, NW of Pretoria, February 1998, Hardy s.n. (BGJ), AJ534722, AJ534732; E.trichotoma Kunth, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537534; E. tuberosa L., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537570 (specimen 1); Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040795 (specimen 2); E. tubiglans Marloth ex R.A. Dyer, Ritz et al. (2003), AJ535522, AJ535523 (specimen 1); AJ535544, AJ535545 (specimen 2); E. tulearensis Rauh, Haevermans et al. (2004), AJ508981; E. turbiniformis Chiov., Ritz et al. unpubl., AJ535537, AJ535559; E.turczaninowii Kar. & Kir., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537543; E. umbelliformis (Urb. & Ekman) V.W. Steinm. & P.E. Berry, Steimann et al. (2007), EF653253; E. unicornis R.A. Dyer, Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040796; E. usambarica Pax, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537538; E. vajravelui Binojk. & N.P. Balakr., Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040797; E. valida N. E. Br., Ritz et al. (2003), AJ535520, E. viguieri Denis, Haevermans et al. (2004), AJ508982; E. waterbergensis R.A. Dyer, Bruyns et al. (2006), AM040798; E.weberbaueri Mansf., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537519; E. whitei L.C. Wheeler, Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537391; E. xylophylloides Brongn. ex Lem., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537467; E. zonosperma Müll.Arg., Steinmann & Porter (2002), AF537430.

Neoguillauminiacleopatra (Baill.) Croizat New Caledonia, Mount Dzumac, 700m, 05.12.1980, Morat 6651 (BR), AJ534831, AJ534832

trnL-trnF intergenic spacer sequences

Calycopepluscasuarinoides L.S.Sm. Australia, Queensland, Weipa, Sandy Creek, 10m, 09.07.1993, Forster 13501 & Sankowsky (BRI), FN423771 .

Euphorbiaantisyphilitica Zucc. ex cult., Botanical Garden Heidelberg, Germany, Rauh 49959, (BGJ), FN423716; E. appariciana Rizzini, Brazil, Bahia, E of Morro do Chapéu, 12.03.1989, Supthut 8908 (ZSS), FN423717 (specimen 2); E. aphylla Brouss. ex Willd., Canary Islands, Tenerife, Punta de Teno, April 1994, Zimmermann 11/94 (BGJ), FN423718 (specimen 3); E. atoto G. Forst. Australia, Queensland, Wongaling Beach, 01.12.1999, Zimmermann 49/99 (BGJ), FN423719; E. boophthona C.A. Gardner Australia, Queensland, E of Quilpie, 22.11.1999, Zimmermann 25/99 (BGJ), FN423720 (specimen 2); E. bupleurifolia Jacq., South Africa, Eastern Cape, Grahamstown, 06.03.1998, Zimmermann 12/98 (BGJ), FN423721; E. caput-medusae L. South Africa, Western Cape, S of Camps Bay, 05.03.2000, Zimmermann 30/00 (BGJ), FN423722; E. cedrorum Rauh & Hebding ex cult., Botanical Garden Heidelberg No. 140124, Germany, Rauh (J.B.H.) 59367a (HEID), FN423723 (specimen 2); E. celastroides Boiss., Hawaiian Islands, Kauai, Kilauea Point, March 1999, Dietrich s.n. (BGJ), FN423724; E. cubensis Boiss., Cuba, Pinar del Rio, Cuabales, San Juan de Saqua, 22.02.2001, Hellwig 22/2/28 (BGJ), FN423725 (specimen 2); E. cupularis Boiss., South Africa, Transvaal, Njele Poort, 1978, Hardy 5115 (PRE), FN423726; E. cyathophora Murray, Cyprus, Limassol, Kolossi Castle, 30.10.1995, Kuschel 644 (BGJ), FN423727; E. cyparissias L., Germany, Thuringia, S of Uhlstädt, 13.04.1998, Zimmermann 74/98 (BGJ), FN423728; E. decaryi Guillaumin, Madagascar, Vinanibé near Fort Dauphin, Rauh 68100 (HEID), FN423729; E. dentata Michx., ex cult., Botanical Garden Jena, Germany, Zimmermann 102/00 (BGJ), FN423730; E. didiereoides Denis ex Leandri, ex cult., Botanical Garden Heidelberg No. 140087, Germany, Rauh 71949 (HEID), FN423731 (specimen 2); E. dregeana E. Mey. ex Boiss., South Africa, Northern Cape, S of Vioolsdrif, 01.03.2000, Zimmermann 20/00 (BGJ), FN423732; E. drupifera Thonn., ex cult., Botanical Garden Heidelberg, Germany, Rauh 9610 (BGJ), (specimen 2), FN423733; E. echinulata (Stapf) Bruyns, Tanzania, Iringa, between Madibira and Igawa, Specks 718 (BGJ), FN423734; E. epicyparissias (E. Mey. ex Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss., South Africa, Kwazulu/Natal, E of Sani Pass, 18.03.2000, Zimmermann 70/00 (BGJ), FN423735; E. fianarantsoae Ursch & Leandri, Ritz et al. unpubl., AJ575321; E. globosa (Haw.) Sims, South Africa, Eastern Cape, S of Addo, 07.03.1998, Zimmermann 8/98 (BGJ), FN423736; E. griseola Pax, Ritz et al. unpubl., AJ575317 (specimen 2); E. guerichiana Pax ex Engl., South Africa, Northern Province, Zoutpan, W of Waterpoort, 22.03.2000, Zimmermann 82/00 (BGJ), FN423737 (specimen 2); E. hedyotoides N.E.Br., Madagascar, Ambovombe, Rauh 72073 (HEID), FN423738 (specimen 2); E. heterodoxa Müll.Arg., ex cult., Botanical Garden Berlin-Dahlem No. 078-14-96-40, Germany, (BGJ), FN423739 (specimen 2); E. horrida Boiss., South Africa, Eastern Cape, Kleinpoort, 13.08.1997, Zimmermann 317/97 (BGJ), FN423740; E. ingens E.Mey. ex Boiss., South Africa, Mpumalanga, E of Burgersfort, 31.07.1997, Zimmermann 274/97 (BGJ), FN423741; E. jansenvillensis Nel, Ritz et al. (2003), AJ575344; E. juglans Compton, Ritz et al. (2003), AJ575346 (specimen 1); AJ57534 (specimen 2); E. lignosa Marloth, ex cult., Botanical Garden Heidelberg, Germany, Rauh 19624 (BGJ), FN423742; E. lomelii V.W. Steinm., Mexico, Sinaloa, Mazatlán, 10.06.1970, Rauh 50464 (BGJ), FN423743 (specimen 2); E. lophogona Lam., ex cult., Botanical Garden Heidelberg No. 140013, Germany, Rauh 22116 (HEID), FN423744, (specimen 2); E. maculata L., Germany, Thuringia, Jena, 13.07.2000, Zimmermann 101/00 (BGJ), FN423745; E. marginata Pursh, ex cult., Botanical Garden Jena, Germany, Zimmermann 103/00 (BGJ), FN423746; E. mauritanica L., South Africa, Northern Cape, N of Pofadder, 29.02.2000, Zimmermann 12/00 (BGJ), FN423747 (specimen 2); E. meloformis Aiton, Ritz et al. (2003), AJ575343; E. meloformis fma. magna, Ritz et al. (2003), AJ575349; E. millotii Ursch & Leandri, ex cult., Botanical Garden Heidelberg, Germany, Rauh 8608 (HEID), FN423748 (specimen 2); E. monadenioides M.G. Gilbert, Ethiopia, Vlk 344 (BGJ), FN423749; E. neogossweileri Bruyns, Angola, Benguella, Lavranos s.n.; ex cult. International Succulent Institute (ISI 1261), leg. Forster 25311 (BRI), FN423750; E. nutans Lag., Canary Islands, Gran Canaria, Maspalomas, Faro II, 24.02.1996, Kuschel 646 (BGJ), FN423751; E. obesa Hook.f., Ritz et al. (2003), AJ575351; E.orthoclada Baker, Madagascar, Androy, 10.10.1998, Rauh 70626 (HEID), FN423752; E. pachypodioides Boiteau, Madagascar, Ankarana, 25.03.1991, Rauh 72072 (HEID), FN423753; E. parvicaruncula D.C. Hassall, Australia, Queensland, S of Boulia, 25.11.1999, Zimmermann 30/99 (BGJ), FN423754; E. pedilanthoides Denis, ex cult., Botanical Garden Heidelberg No. 142066, Germany, Rauh 66824 (HEID), FN423755; E. piscatoria Aiton, ex cult., Botanical Garden Berlin-Dahlem No. 075-01-96-10, Germany, (BGJ), FN423756; E. plumerioides Teijsm. ex Hassk., Australia, Queensland, Kennedy Hill Gorge, 21.06.1989, Forster 5402 (BRI), FN423757 (specimen 2); E. poeppigii (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss., Bolivia, La Paz, Nor Yungas, Cerro Uchimachi se Coroico, J. Müller 7040 (BGJ), FN423758;E. pseudoglobosa Marloth, Ritz et al. (2003), AJ575352 (specimen 1); AJ575353 (specimen 2); E. quartziticola Leandri, Madagascar, Ucal, Itremo, 24.10.1992, Rauh 73705 (HEID), FN423759 (specimen 2); E. sarcodes Boiss., Brazil, Bahia, Morro do Chapéu, 25.11.2000, Machado s.n. (BGJ), FN423760 (specimen 2); E. sarcostemmoides J.H. Willis, Australia, Queensland, W of Quilpie, 22.11.99, Zimmermann 23/99 (BGJ), FN423761; E. schizolepis F. Muell. ex Boiss., Australia, Western Australia, Packsaddle Plain, Kununurra, 04.03.1993, Mitchell 2851 (BRI), FN423762; E.schlechtendalii Boiss., ex cult., Botanical Garden Heidelberg, Germany, Rauh s.n. (BGJ), FN423763; E.scutiformis V.W. Steinm. & P.E. Berry, Cuba, Sancti Spíritus, Banao, 300-500m, 20.11.1975, Alvarez, Areces, Bisse, Dietrich & Lepper 28763 (BGJ), FN423764; E. sebsebei M.G. Gilbert, Ethiopia, Sidamo, Yavello, Vlk 326 (BGJ), FN423765; E. sipolisii N.E.Br., Brazil, Minas Gerais, Santa Barbara, Augusto de Lima, 06.08.1988, Eggli 1103 (ZSS), FN428581 (specimen 2); E. stellata Willd., South Africa, Eastern Cape, Motherwell, N of Port Elizabeth, 12.08.1997, Zimmermann 313/97 (BGJ), FN423766; E. sudanica A. Chev., ex cult., Botanical Garden Berlin-Dahlem No. 221-04-94-20, Germany (B), FN423767; E. susannae Marloth, Ritz et al. (2003), AJ575341 (specimen 1); AJ575340 (specimen 2); E. symmetrica A.C. White, R.A. Dyer & B. Sloane, Ritz et al. (2003); E. thinophila Phil., Chile, N of Huasco, 01.11.00, Ewest 03-11-00 (BGJ), FN423768 (specimen 2); E. trichadenia Pax, South Africa, Gauteng, Soutpan, NW of Pretoria, February 1998, Hardy s.n. (BGJ), FN423769; E.turbiniformis Chiov., Ritz et al. unpubl. AJ575319, E. valida N. E. Br., Ritz et al. (2003), AJ575350.

Neoguillauminiacleopatra (Baill.) Croizat New Caledonia, Mount Dzumac, 700m, 05.12.1980, Morat 6651 (BR), FN423770.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Zimmermann, N.F.A., Ritz, C.M. & Hellwig, F.H. Further support for the phylogenetic relationships within Euphorbia L. (Euphorbiaceae) from nrITS and trnL–trnF IGS sequence data. Plant Syst Evol 286, 39–58 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-010-0272-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-010-0272-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation